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Clinical Lactation Practice: 20 Years of Evidence

University of Kansas School of Nursing

Suzanne Hetzel Campbell, PhD, APRN, IBCLC

Fairfield University in Fairfield, Connecticut

Sara L. Gill, PhD, RN, IBCLC

University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio School of Nursing

Joan E. Dodgson, PhD, MPH

University of Hawaii at Manoa

Titilayo C. Abiona, MBChB, FMCPH

Department of Community Health at the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

M. Jane Heinig, PhD, IBCLC

Department of Nutrition at the University of California, Davis

Lactation consultants depend on a vast multidisciplinary knowledge base to support their practices. To coincide with the 20-year anniversary of the International Lactation Consultant Association, the authors sought to highlight the knowledge base to demonstrate how practice has been affected. Using standard databases, they extracted English-language scientific literature related to breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes; factors associated with breastfeeding initiation, exclusivity, and duration; lactation physiology; common breastfeeding challenges; breastfeeding practices within vulnerable populations; health professional support of breastfeeding; and breastfeeding practices in developing countries of Africa. Summaries of research are provided to demonstrate scientific method and knowledge evolution. As the knowledge of the biological, behavioral, and environmental factors that affect breastfeeding continues to grow, researchers and lactation consultants will identify additional research areas. Thus, the cycle of describing and explaining phenomena, testing interventions to improve practice, and ultimately improving breastfeeding outcomes worldwide will continue.

Key Words: lactation • breastfeeding • research • physiology • infant feeding • developing countries • clinical

Journal of Human Lactation, Vol. 21, No. 3, 245-258 (2005)
DOI: 10.1177/0890334405279001


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