This Article Full Text (PDF) References Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by Newman, J. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Newman, J. Social Bookmarking                         What's this?

Breastfeeding Problems Associated with the Early Introduction of Bottles and Pacifiers

Hospital for Sick Children, Breastfeeding Clinic, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ONT CANADA M5G 1X8.

Breastfeeding is a natural physiologic process upon which human survival has depended for uncounted generations. Natural selection over millions of years has ensured that breastmilk contains all the nutritional requirements of the newborn period and beyond. In order to prevent problems for the few, modern management of labour, delivery and the postpartum period has subjected most mothers and infants to routines which are contrary to the physiologic principles underlying successful breastfeeding.

The early introduction of bottles may render suckling less effective or may result in breast refusal, thus paving the way for failure to thrive, hyperbilirubinemia, "colic" and crying, prolonged and frequent feedings, sore and cracked nipples for the mother, and it may contribute to the onset of plugged ducts and mastitis. Alternatives to bottles can be used when supplementation is thought to be indicated. They include using a lactation aid, finger feeding, or feeding with a cup, spoon, or eyedropper.

Key Words: bottles • breastfeeding problems • pacifiers

Journal of Human Lactation, Vol. 6, No. 2, 59-63 (1990)
DOI: 10.1177/089033449000600214


CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

				R. R. de Aquino and M. M. Osorio Relactation, Translactation, and Breast-Orogastric Tube as Transition Methods in Feeding Preterm Babies J Hum Lact, November 1, 2009; 25(4): 420 - 426. [Abstract] [PDF]

				R. H. Schwartz and K. L. Guthrie Infant Pacifiers: An Overview Clinical Pediatrics, May 1, 2008; 47(4): 327 - 331. [PDF]

				N. M. N. Rocha, F. E. Martinez, and S. M. Jorge Cup or Bottle for Preterm Infants: Effects on Oxygen Saturation, Weight Gain, and Breastfeeding J Hum Lact, May 1, 2002; 18(2): 132 - 138. [Abstract] [PDF]

				D. A. Dowling, P. P. Meier, J. M. DiFiore, M. A. Blatz, and R. J. Martin Cup-Feeding for Preterm Infants: Mechanics and Safety J Hum Lact, February 1, 2002; 18(1): 13 - 20. [Abstract] [PDF]

				P. P. Meier, L. P. Brown, N. M. Hurst, D. L. Spatz, J. L. Engstrom, L. C. Borucki, and A. M. Krouse Nipple Shields for Preterm Infants: Effect on Milk Transfer and Duration of Breastfeeding J Hum Lact, May 1, 2000; 16(2): 106 - 114. [Abstract] [PDF]

				B. Jones Choosing a Supplementation Method J Hum Lact, September 1, 1998; 14(3): 245 - 245. [PDF]

				B. Palmer The Influence of Breastfeeding on the Development of the Oral Cavity: A Commentary J Hum Lact, June 1, 1998; 14(2): 93 - 98. [PDF]

				M. Woodworth and E. Frank Transitioning to the Breast at Six Weeks: Use of a Nipple Shield J Hum Lact, December 1, 1996; 12(4): 305 - 307. [Abstract] [PDF]

				K. H. Nyqvist, P.-O. Sjoden, and U. Ewald Mothers' Advice About Facilitating Breastfeeding in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit J Hum Lact, December 1, 1994; 10(4): 237 - 243. [Abstract] [PDF]