Journal of Human Lactation

 

Advanced Search

Journal Navigation

Journal Home

Subscriptions

Archive

Contact Us

Table of Contents

http://www.medelabreastfeedingus.com/for-professionals

Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Hartmann, S. U.
Right arrow Articles by Howett, M. K.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Hartmann, S. U.
Right arrow Articles by Howett, M. K.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?
Journal of Human Lactation, Vol. 22, No. 1, 61-74 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/0890334405280651

Biochemical Analysis of Human Milk Treated With Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, an Alkyl Sulfate Microbicide That Inactivates Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

Sandra Urdaneta Hartmann, MD, PhD

Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology at Drexel University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Brian Wigdahl, PhD

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease at Drexel University College of Medicine in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Elizabeth B. Neely, BS

Department of Neurosurgery of the Milton S. Hershey Medical Center in Hershey, Pennsylvania

Cheston M. Berlin, MD

Pennsylvania State University Children’s Hospital, Pennsylvania State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center

Cara-Lynne Schengrund, PhD

Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine

Hung-Mo Lin, PhD

Department of Health Evaluation Sciences at Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine

Mary K. Howett, PhD

Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology of Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Reduction of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) through human milk is needed. Alkyl sulfates such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) are microbicidal against HIV-1 at low concentrations, have little to no toxicity, and are inexpensive. The authors have reported that treatment of HIV-1-infected human milk with ≤ 1% (10 mg/mL) SDS for 10 minutes inactivates cell-free and cell-associated virus. The SDS can be removed with a commercially available resin after treatment without recovery of viral infectivity. In this article, the authors report results of selective biochemical analyses (ie, protein, immunoglobulins, lipids, cells, and electrolytes) of human milk subjected to SDS treatment and removal. The SDS treatment or removal had no significant effects on the milk components studied. Therefore, the use of alkyl sulfate microbicides to treat milk from HIV-1-positive women may be a simple, practical, and nutritionally sound way to prevent or reduce transmission of HIV-1 while still feeding with mother’s own milk.

Key Words: human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) • human milk • breastfeeding • microbicides • sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) • mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) • vertical transmission • prevention

References

  • World Health Organization. New Data on the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV and Their Policy Implications—Conclusions and Recommendations. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2001.
  • Ross JS, Labbok MH. Modeling the effects of different infant feeding strategies on infant survival and mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:1174-1180.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Urdaneta S, Wigdahl B, Neely EB, et al. Inactivation of HIV-1 in breast milk by treatment with the alkyl sulfate microbicide sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Retrovirology 2005;2:28.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Howett MK, Neely EB, Christensen ND, et al. A broad-spectrum microbicide with virucidal activity against sexually transmitted viruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999;43:314-321.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Krebs FC, Miller SR, Malamud D, Howett MK, Wigdahl B. Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by nonoxynol-9, C31G, or an alkyl sulfate, sodium dodecyl sulfate. Antiviral Res. 1999;43:157-173.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Krebs FC, Miller SR, Catalone BJ, et al. Sodium dodecyl sulfate and C31G as microbicidal alternatives to nonoxynol 9: comparative sensitivity of primary human vaginal keratinocytes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000;44:1954-1960.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Howett MK, Welsh PA, Budgeon LR, et al. Transformation of human vaginal xenografts by human papillomavirus type 11: prevention of infection with a microbicide from the alkyl sulfate chemical family. Pathogenesis. 2000;1:265-276.
  • Howett M, Wigdahl B, Malamud D, et al. Alkyl sulfates: a new family of broad spectrum microbicides. In: Program and abstracts of the XIII International AIDS Conference; July 7-12, 2000; Durban, South Africa. Abstract No. ThOrC663.
  • Howett MK, Kuhl JP. Microbicides for prevention of transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. Curr Pharm Des. 2005;11(29):3731-3746.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Tanford C. Protein denaturation. In: Anfinsen CB, Edsall JT, Anson ML, Richards FM, eds. Advances in Protein Chemistry. Vol 23. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1968:122-127; 211-222.
  • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Screening Information Data Sheet (SIDS) for High-Volume Chemicals: Initial Assessment Report on Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (CAS No. 151-21-3). Part2, Vol 4. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations; 1997.
  • Dreisbach RH, Robertson WO. Miscellaneous chemicals. In: Handbook of Poisoning: Prevention, Diagnosis & Treatment. 12th ed. Norwalk, Conn: Appleton & Lange; 1987:286-291.
  • Thomas OR, White GF. Metabolic pathway for the biodegradation of sodium dodecyl sulfate by Pseudomonas sp. C12B. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 1989;11:318-327.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Yao G. Dodecyl Sulfate Degradation Pathway Map. Minn: University of Minnesota; 2005. Available at: http://www.labmed.umn.edu/umbbd.dds/dds_map.html.
  • Denner WH, Olavesen AH, Powell GM, Dodgson KS. The metabolism of potassium dodecyl [35-S]sulphate in the rat. Biochem J. 1969;111:43-51.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Arand M, Friedberg T, Oesch F. Colorimetric quantitation of trace amounts of sodium lauryl sulfate in the presence of nucleic acids and proteins. Anal Biochem. 1992;207:73-75.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Jensen RG, Neville MC, eds. Human Lactation: Milk Components and Methodologies. New York, NY: Plenum; 1985.
  • Keller RP, Neville MC. Determination of total protein in human milk: comparison of methods. Clin Chem. 1986;32(1 Pt 1):120-123.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Lonnerdal B, Woodhouse LR, Glazier C. Compartmentalization and quantitation of protein in human milk. J Nutr. 1987;117:1385-1395.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Lucas A, Gibbs JA, Lyster RL, Baum JD. Creamatocrit: a simple clinical technique for estimating fat concentration and energy value of human milk. Br Med J. 1978;1:1018-1020.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Folch J, Lees M, Sloane Staney GH. A simple method for isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. J Biol Chem. 1956;226:497-509.
  • Jensen RG, Clark RM. Methods of lipid analysis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1984;3:296-299.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Polberger S, Lonnerdal B. Simple and rapid macronutrient analysis of human milk for individualized fortification: basis for improved nutritional management of very-low-birth-weight infants? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1993;17:283-290.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Axelsen NH, Bock E. Electroimmunoassay (rocket immunoelectrophoresis). Scand J Immunol. 1983;17(suppl 10):103-106.
  • Lonnerdal B. Methods for studying the total protein content of human milk. In: Jensen RG, Neville MC, eds. Human Lactation: Milk Components and Methodologies. New York, NY: Plenum; 1985:307.
  • Peitersen B, Bohn L, Andersen H. Quantitative determination of immunoglobulins, lysozyme, and certain electrolytes in breast milk during the entire period of lactation, during a 24-hour period, and in milk from the individual mammary gland. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavia. 1975;64:709-715.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Bjerrum OJ. Electroimmunoprecipitation artefacts. Scand J Immunol. 1983;17(suppl 10):333-342.
  • Bjerrum OJ, Bhakdi S. Detergent immunoelectrophoresis of membrane proteins—general principles. Scand J Immunol. 1983;17(suppl 10):289-301.
  • Axelsen NH, Bock E, Larsen P, et al. Immunoprecipitation in an electric field. Scand J Immunol. 1983;17:87-96.
  • Gaillard P, Fowler MG, Dabis F, et al. Use of antiretroviral drugs to prevent HIV-1 transmission through breast-feeding: from animal studies to randomized clinical trials. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;35:178-187.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Rollins N, Meda N, Becquet R, et al. Preventing postnatal transmission of HIV-1 through breast-feeding: modifying infant feeding practices. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;35:188-195.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Howett MK, Stoltzfus SU, Berlin CM, Wigdahl B. Inactivation of HIV in milk by alkyl sulfate microbicides. In: Program and abstracts of the XIII International AIDS Conference; July 7-12, 2000; Durban, South Africa.
  • Bhairi SM. Detergents: A Guide to the Properties and Uses of Detergents in Biological Systems. La Jolla, Calif: Calbiochem-Novabiochem Corp; 1997.
  • US Environmental Protection Agency, Purdue University. Household Waste. Available at: http://www.purdue.edu/dp/envirosoft/housewaste/house/deterg.htm.
  • Ion Exchange: Basic Concepts. Remco Engineering Web site. Available at: http://www.remco.com/ix.htm.
  • Lawrence RA, Lawrence RM. Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession. 5th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby; 1999.
  • Kirsner B, Wolff RA. The effect of sodium alkyl sulfate on the peptic activity of the gastric contents and on the healing of gastric ulcer in man. Gastroenterology. 1944;2:93-101.
  • Walker AI, Brown VK, Ferrigan LW, Pickering RG, Williams DA. Toxicity of sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium lauryl ethoxysulphate and corresponding surfactants derived from synthetic alcohols. Food Cosmet Toxicol. 1967;5:763-769.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Gloxhuber C. Toxicological properties of surfactants. Arch Toxicol. 1974;32:245-270.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Gloxhuber C, Kunstler K. Anionic Surfactants: Biochemistry, Toxicology, Dermatology. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1992.
  • Chantry CJ, Morrison P, Panchula J, et al. Effects of lipolysis or heat treatment on HIV-1 provirus in breast milk. JAIDS. 2000;24:325-329.
  • Pennypacker C, Perelson AS, Nys N, Nelson G, Sessler DI. Localized or systemic in vivo heat inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): a mathematical analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1995;8:321-329.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • McDougal JS, Martin LS, Cort SP, Mozen M, Heldebrant CM, Evatt BL. Thermal inactivation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome virus, human T lymphotropic virus-III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus, with special reference to antihemophilic factor. J Clin Invest. 1985;76:875-877.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Orloff SL, Wallingford JC, McDougal JS. Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in human milk: effects of intrinsic factors in human milk and pasteurization. J Hum Lact. 1993;9:13-17.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Jeffery BS, Mercer KG. Pretoria pasteurisation: a potential method for the reduction of postnatal mother to child transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus. J Trop Pediatr. 2000;46:219-223.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Jeffery BS, Webber L, Mokhondo KR, Erasmus D. Determination of the effectiveness of inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus by Pretoria pasteurization. J Trop Pediatr. 2001;47:345-349.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Boisen F, Jørgensen A. Pasteurization of HIV contaminated breast milk. In: Program and abstracts of the XIII International AIDS Conference; July 7-12, 2000; Durban, South Africa. Abstract No. LbPp122.
  • Ford JE, Law BA, Marshall VM, Reiter B. Influence of the heat treatment of human milk on some of its protective constituents. J Pediatr. 1977;90:29-35.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Papathakis P, Rollins N. Adequacy of feeding recommendations for infants of HIV-infected mothers: assessment of nutrient content, cost and preparation time of breastmilk replacements in the South African context. In: XIV International AIDS Conference; July 7-12, 2002; Barcelona, Spain. Abstract No. MoOrF1030.
  • WHO Collaborative Study Team on the Role of Breastfeeding on the Prevention of Infant Mortality. Effect of breastfeeding on infant and child mortality due to infectious diseases in less developed countries: a pooled analysis. Lancet. 2000;355:451-455.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Coutsoudis A, Pillay K, Spooner E, Kuhn L, Coovadia HM. Influence of infant-feeding patterns on early mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Durban, South Africa: a prospective cohort study. South African Vitamin A Study Group. Lancet. 1999;354:471-476.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Coutsoudis A, Pillay K, Kuhn L, Spooner E, Tsai WY, Coovadia HM. Method of feeding and transmission of HIV-1 from mothers to children by 15 months of age: prospective cohort study from Durban, South Africa. AIDS. 2001;15:379-387.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Nduati R, Richardson BA, John G, et al. Effect of breastfeeding on mortality among HIV-1 infected women: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2001;357:1651-1655.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Effect of breastfeeding on mortality among HIV-infected women: WHO statement, June 7, 2001. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2001.
  • Labbok MH. Effects of breastfeeding on the mother. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001;48:143-158.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Sedgh G, Spiegelman D, Larsen U, Msamanga G, Fawzi WW. Breast-feeding and maternal HIV-1 disease progression and mortality. AIDS. 2004;18:1043-1049.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Ross JS, Piwoz EG, Habicht JP. Is breastfeeding best for HIV-positive mothers? AIDS. 2004;18:363.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Raiha NCR. Protein content of human milk, from colostrum to mature milk. In: Raiha NCR, ed. Protein Metabolism During Infancy. New York, NY: Vevey/Raven Press; 1994:87-99.
  • Ogra SS, Ogra PL. Immunologic aspects of human colostrum and milk: I. Distribution characteristics and concentrations of immunoglobulins at different times after onset of lactation. J Pediatr. 1978;92:546-549.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine (ABM) clinical protocols. Clinical protocol #8: human milk storage information for home use for healthy full-term infants. Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Website. Available at: http://www.bfmed.org/protocol/milkstorage_ABM.pdf.
  • Hartmann SU, Berlin CM, Howett MK. Alternative modified infant-feeding practices to prevent postnatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 through breast milk: past, present, and future. J Hum Lact. 2006;22:75-88.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Hanson LA. The mother-offspring dyad and the immune system. Acta Paediatr. 2000;89:252-258.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • le Maire M, Champeil P, Moller JV. Interaction of membrane proteins and lipids with solubilizing detergents. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1508:86-111.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Sabbaj S, Edwards BH, Ghosh MK, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-specific CD8(+) T cells in human breast milk. J Virol. 2002;76:7365-7373.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Benito JM, Lopez M, Soriano V. The role of CD8+ T-cell response in HIV infection. AIDS Rev. 2004;6:79-88.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Dong M, Baggetto LG, Falson P, Le Maire M, Penin F. Complete removal and exchange of sodium dodecyl sulfate bound to soluble and membrane proteins and restoration of their activities, using ceramic hydroxyapatite chromatography. Anal Biochem. 1997;247:333-341.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Bischoff KM, Shi L, Kennelly PJ. The detection of enzyme activity following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Anal Biochem. 1998;260:1-17.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Jensen RG. Lipids in human milk. Lipids. 1999;34:1243-1271.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Jensen RG, Clark RM. Methods for lipid analysis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1984;3:296-299.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Jensen RG, Bitman J, Wood L, Hamosh M, Clandinin MT, Clark RM. Methods for the sampling and analysis of human milk lipids. In: Jensen RG, Neville MC, eds. Human Lactation: Milk Components and Methodologies. New York, NY: Plenum; 1985:307.
  • Polberger S, Lonnerdal B. Simple and rapid macronutrient analysis of human milk for individualized fortification: basis for improved nutritional management of very-low-birth-weight infants? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1993;17:283-290.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Allen JC, Keller RP, Archer P, Neville MC. Studies in human lactation: milk composition and daily secretion rates of macronutrients in the first year of lactation. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54:69-80.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Ross J. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance. 2004. Available at: http://www.jdaross.mcmail.com/fluid2.htm.
  • Kristmundsdottir T, Arnadottir SG, Bergsson G, Thormar H. Development and evaluation of microbicidal hydrogels containing monoglyceride as the active ingredient. J Pharm Sci. 1999;88:1011-1015.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Thormar H, Bergsson G, Gunnarsson E, et al. Hydrogels containing monocaprin have potent microbicidal activities against sexually transmitted viruses and bacteria in vitro. Sex Transm Infect. 1999;75:181-185.[Abstract]
  • Neyts J, Kristmundsdottir T, De Clercq E, Thormar H. Hydrogels containing monocaprin prevent intravaginal and intracutaneous infections with HSV-2 in mice: impact on the search for vaginal microbicides. J Med Virol. 2000;61:107-110.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Maguire RA, Bergman N, Phillips DM. Comparison of microbicides for efficacy in protecting mice against vaginal challenge with herpes simplex virus type 2, cytotoxicity, antibacterial properties, and sperm immobilization. Sex Transm Dis. 2001;28:259-265.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
S. U. Hartmann, C. M. Berlin, and M. K. Howett
Alternative Modified Infant-Feeding Practices to Prevent Postnatal Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Through Breast Milk: Past, Present, and Future
J Hum Lact, February 1, 2006; 22(1): 75 - 88.
[Abstract] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Hartmann, S. U.
Right arrow Articles by Howett, M. K.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Hartmann, S. U.
Right arrow Articles by Howett, M. K.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?